VERDICT: MISLEADING: The study found zero male markers but did not definitively prove all 20 individuals were female, since the absence of Amelogenin-Y only indicates a "strong likelihood" of femaleness. The one-in-a-million figure assumes a 1:1 sex ratio, as Berger's "chance of having sampled twenty individuals and they are all from one sex" calculation rests on that assumption. The authors acknowledge an AMELY mutation or deletion alternative, noting the gene "may have mutated or have been deleted over time" as another possible explanation. Source: [Protein analysis of Homo naledi fossils finds zero male markers — Wits University](https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/research-news/2026/2026-06/protein-analysis-of-homo-naledi-fossils-finds-zero-male-markers.html)